Job Satisfaction of University Employees

Background of the Study:

Job satisfaction is the result of various attitudes possessed by an employee towards his job. These attitudes may be related to job factors, such as wage, job security job environment, nature of work, opportunities for promotion, prompt removal of grievances, opportunities of participation in decision making and other fringe benefits. Job satisfaction may thus be defined as an attitude which results from a balancing and summation of many specific like and dislikes experienced by an employee in the performance of his job; or an employee’s judgment of how well his job, on the whole, provides opportunities to satisfy his needs. It refers to one’s job, his general adjustment and social relationship in and outside his job. This satisfaction and dissatisfaction with one’s job depends upon the positive or negative evaluation of one’s own success or failure in the realization of personal goals and perceived contribution of the job to it.

Universities are the center for imparting higher Education. Universities in the modern world are expected to seek and cultivate new knowledge ,provide the right kind of leadership in all walks of life and strive to promote equality and social justice. The Universities in India, however ,have to shoulder some additional responsibilities. They have to be conscience to the nation, develop programme for adult education assist in improving schools, and try to bring back the center of gravity of academic life within the country.

The university system  has to lay stress on and pursue four important elements, they are(i)Excellence(ii) Modernization(iii)Interaction, and (iv) Self-reliance. These are all inter-related.  True pursuit of excellence in all spheres of activities of a university will help imbibing and nurturing in the university life. The qualities of humanism, tolerance, reason and adventure of ideas, search of truth and thereby help for leading humanity towards even higher objectives. Modernization in terms of courses, facilities, evaluation methods and faculty up gradation will turn enrich teaching, research, examination system and extension activities. Modernization equips better the university to play its role effectively.  Interaction and inter-dependence are well recognized concepts in the present day global situation. Universities are no exception to this. They should come out of their ivory towers concept and interact with outside world viz .the society , the Government, sister institutions, industrial organization and the world. Through interaction, the university excellence should be shared for national  development.

Autonomy in the true sense should be the privilege of the University system so as to enable it to respond with full vigor for fulfillment of its objectives and goal. Academic autonomy relation to offering courses, evolving evaluation methods, teaching research and extension activities is available. Financial autonomy is vital for continuation of universities as centers for excellence and need of the hour is to initiate steps for fund generation and reduce its dependence on the Government to the extent  possible, thus paving the way towards self-reliance.

Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University (YCMOU),was established in 1989.In its search for imparting quality education through Distance Mode, it  is trying to create a distinct identity in the Indian Open Education System. The YCMOU is the 5th Open University in India, and the fourth one at the state level with its goal of becoming a ‘Mass Varsity’. It emphasizes on vocational, technical, professional as well as general educational programmes and its approach towards fostering a new work culture and developmental linkage. The university has set out to create an identity on the national educational scene. The university is trying to develop such management practices that will help it to become efficient, economical(cost-effective) and accountable at each level.

YCMOU runs more than 177 programmes through Distance mode. It has developed more than 1500 books, more than 342 Adios and more than 350 videos on various subjects. It has achieved Award Of Excellence for Institutional  Achievement. in Distance Learning from the Common Wealth of Learning, Canada(2002). It is listed among the Mega Open Universities in the World (2005). It has many  International Collaborations and some are now in pipeline. They are: Common Wealth of Learning, Canada; Commonwealth Secretarial London, Brock University, Canada, Athabascan University, Canada, Wawasan Open University, Malaysia, the Chartered Management Institute of London, UK and International Food Policy Research Institute for the Global Open Food and Agriculture University, U. S. A. etc.

The researcher is working in YCMOU since February 1992. Holding on many positions , he has witnessed  university activities closely.  The personnel working at YCMOU has carried out many responsibilities. They used to carry on any responsibility they are shouldered upon. There are various types of  activities carried out in a distance education  set up like planning of programmes, development of instructional materials, production of instructional materials, delivery of materials and services like counseling, assessment etc, evaluation of products, processes and services ,maintenance of  revision of instructional programmes and administration type work, etc.

When one considers about the job satisfaction on the grounds like good infrastructures, good garden, good working environment, it also depends upon the  status & recognition, sex, age and experience and the qualifications that  contribute for having the job satisfaction. Ones attitude towards the job and personal involvement in the job also affects the satisfaction in the job. Organizational Climate and personality characteristics also play a major role in influencing the job satisfaction of any employee.

Working condition is the major contributor for job satisfaction. But all types of work condition are neither fully satisfying nor dissatisfying,  Job satisfaction definitely promotes happiness, success and efficiency in one’s professional activity wherein the organizational climate helps in developing a happy and congenial  interactions among the employees & management.

Job satisfaction can be an important indicator of how employees feel about their jobs and a predictor of work behaviors such as organizational citizenship, absenteeism and turnover. Further job satisfaction can partially mediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behaviors .It seems  satisfaction and job performance are directly related to one another. There are many researches published on job satisfaction which confirms this statement. Therefore it is necessary to study about the job satisfaction of the employees in YCMOU

Rationale Behind the Study :

Satisfaction pertaining to the job leads the employee to perform well. Employees working in YCMOU  are performing their task  without any hesitation. But whether they are satisfied with their jobs are not be testified with the research. Therefore the research in this regard is proposed to carry on.

Statement of the Research Problem:

A Study of job satisfaction of the Employees in  YCMOU

Objectives of the Research:

1.To study the job satisfaction , of the academic staff of the employees

working in   YCMOU.

2. To study the job satisfaction of the non-academic staff working as

class I   employees in  YCMOU.

3. To study the job satisfaction of the non-academic staff working as

class II    employees in  YCMOU.

4.To study the job satisfaction of the non-academic staff working as

class III     Employees in  YCMOU.

5.To study the job satisfaction of the non-academic staff working as

class  IV     employees in  YCMOU.

6.To study the overall general job satisfaction of the non-academic

employees      working in YCMOU

7.To study the overall general job satisfaction of the employees

working in YCMOU

8.To make general remarks pertaining to job satisfaction of the

employees of   YCMOU  comparing academic staff and each

category level of non-academic staff   of YCMOU

Review of Related Literature and Researches

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101    .Abdual Samad (1986), Study of Organisational Climate of Government High Schools of Chandigarh and its effect on job satisfaction of teachers, Research in Teacher Education Abstracts (In) Buch M. B. (Ed), Fourth Survey of Research in Education (1983-88) Vol. 2, NCERT Publication, New Delhi 1034, 917.

102    Anjaneyulu, B.S.R. (1968) A Study of Job Satisfaction in the Secondary School Teachers and its Impact on the Education of Pupils with Special Reference to the State of Andhra Pradesh, A Survey of Research in Education, Buch M. B (Ed), Centre of Advanced Study in Education, M. S. University, Baroda.

103   Ara, Hasreen (1986) A Study of Principals Leadership Behaviour in Relation of Teachers Self Concept, Job Satisfaction and Some Other Institutional Characteristics at Secondary Schools Level, Research in Educational Management Abstracts, 1207, 1070, (In) Buch M. B. (Ed), Fourth Survey of Research in Education (1983-88) Volume-2, NCERT, New Delhi.

Methodology

The research in hand was related to present situation. Therefore the researcher  had used the  Descriptive Survey Method.

He  had used  Standardized Questionnaire (S.Q.) developed by Cooper ,  for measuring the General Satisfaction of the employees, as a tool for collecting the data.  Though it was a Standardized Questionnaire , the researcher took the expertise opinion  from the Experts pertaining to it and made modification as per their suggestions. In the S.Q. point number 19, words were written  abbreviated as w. r. but the expert suggested it should be written in a full form.

S.Q. was included 22 statements following six circles given between High Satisfaction and Low Satisfaction.  It was as six point questionnaire.  After the  discussion with the  Experts, it was decided that  six point should be defined  six grades as  given below with their value..

GRADE        RANGE           WEIGHT AGE           REMARKS

E                    0-19                           1                     Lowest  Satisfaction

D                   20-39                          2                    Lower  Satisfaction

C                   40-49                          3                    Low  Satisfaction

B                   50-59                         4                    Satisfactory Satisfaction

A                   60-74                          5                    Higher Satisfaction

O                   +75                             6                  Highest Satisfaction

When the responses were gathered,  every responses were weighted

as was scheduled above .

YCMOU had then  36 academics and 275 non-academic  staff and thus 311  employees were working in YCMOU. Out of this target group  near about 25% sampling i.e. 80 only was  taken for the research:

Samples had  been  selected randomly as per the availability of the

employees. Stratified Random Sampling method was used for the research.

Employees were chosen from academic staff and also from non-academic

staff  and from each category as given below.

_                                   Academic                          .               Non-academic

1. Reader    Lecturer    Total .   class I   class II    class III  class IV  Total

Population 8            6              22           36 72         18         155          30         275

Sampling 2             2               6           10 20         5            40            5          70

(Near About   25%)

In all 10+70=80 Sampling size.

CONCLUSION:

Objective No.1:

About the Job Satisfaction  of  the Academic Staff of  YCMOU.

Conclusion :

1. 1. Job satisfaction of the Academic  Staff  was found  ‘A’ Grade    Satisfaction  (62.42%)

2. Factor/variable wise job satisfaction in grades of the  Academic Staff  is given  below.

Circulars & Communication

A

Interactions

B

Importance to our efforts

A

Task

A

Motivation

A

Opportunities

A

Safety of Service

A

University Objectives & Participation

O

Supervision

A

Change and Its Process

B

Working Method

A

Individual Progress

A

Procedure of Redress of Complaints

C

Scope of  work for progress

A

Participation in Decisions

C

Utilization of the Capacity /Ability

B

About Freedom & Elasticity

Freedom & Elasticity

A

Atmosphere

A

Salary

B

University Structure

B

Quality of the work given to the Employee

A

About  the Total Work

A

Objectives No.2:

About  the Job Satisfaction of  the   Class I   Employees  in  YCMOU.

Conclusion :

1. Job satisfaction of the Class I Staff was found ‘A’ Grade  Satisfaction     (68.64%)
2. Factor/variable wise job satisfaction  in grades of the Class I

Employees  is given   below.

Circulars & Communication

A

Interactions

A

Importance to our efforts

A

Task

A

Motivation

A

Opportunities

A

Safety of Service

A

University Objectives & Participation

A

Supervision

A

Change and Its Process

A

Working Method

A

Individual Progress

A

Procedure of Redress of Complaints

A

Scope of  work for progress

A

Participation in Decisions

A

Utilization of the Capacity /Ability

B

About Freedom & Elasticity

Freedom & Elasticity

A

Atmosphere

A

Salary

O

University Structure

A

Quality of the work given to the Employee

A

About  the Total Work

A

Objectives No.3:

About the Job Satisfaction of the  Class II    Employees in  YCMOU.

Conclusion :

1. Job satisfaction of the Class II  Employees was found ‘A’ Grade     Satisfaction  (68.78%)
2. Factor/variable wise job satisfaction in grades of the Class II employees is  given  below.

Circulars & Communication

A

Interactions

A

Importance to our efforts

A

Task

O

Motivation

A

Opportunities

A

Safety of Service

O

University Objectives & Participation

O

Supervision

A

Change and Its Process

A

Working Method

A

Individual Progress

A

Procedure of Redress of Complaints

A

Scope of  work for progress

A

Participation in Decisions

B

Utilization of the Capacity /Ability

B

About Freedom & Elasticity

Freedom & Elasticity

A

Atmosphere

A

Salary

O

University Structure

A

Quality of the work given to the Employee

A

About  the Total Work

O

Objectives No.4:

About the Job Satisfaction of the Class III     Employees in  YCMOU.

Conclusion :

1. Job satisfaction of Class III Staff was found ‘A’ Grade  Satisfaction     (63.98%)

2.Factor/variable wise job satisfaction in grades of the Class III

Employees is  given  below.

Circulars & Communication

B

Interactions

A

Importance to our efforts

B

Task

A

Motivation

A

Opportunities

A

Safety of Service

A

University Objectives & Participation

O

Supervision

A

Change and Its Process

B

Working Method

A

Individual Progress

A

Procedure of Redress of Complaints

B

Scope of  work for progress

A

Participation in Decisions

C

Utilization of the Capacity /Ability

B

About Freedom & Elasticity

Freedom & Elasticity

A

Atmosphere

A

Salary

B

University Structure

A

Quality of the work given to the Employee

A

About  the Total Work

A

Objectives No.5:

About the Job Satisfaction of the Class  IV     Employees in  YCMOU.

Conclusion :

1.Job Satisfaction of the Class IV employees was found ‘A’ Grade  Satisfaction  (67.27%)

1. Factor/variable wise job satisfaction in grades of the Class IV   employees is  given  below.

Circulars & Communication

A

Interactions

A

Importance to our efforts

A

Task

A

Motivation

A

Opportunities

A

Safety of Service

O

University Objectives & Participation

O

Supervision

A

Change and Its Process

A

Working Method

A

Individual Progress

A

Procedure of Redress of Complaints

B

Scope of  work for progress

A

Participation in Decisions

B

Utilization of the Capacity /Ability

B

About Freedom & Elasticity

Freedom & Elasticity

A

Atmosphere

A

Salary

A

University Structure

A

Quality of the work given to the Employee

A

About  the Total Work

O

Objectives No.6:

About  Overall General Job Satisfaction of the Non-academic Staff  in YCMOU.

Conclusion :

1.Job satisfaction of the Non  academic Staff of YCMOU was found ‘A’ Grade  Satisfaction  (65.78%)

2.Factor/variable wise job satisfaction in grades of the Non  academic  Staff of YCMOU is  given  below.

Circulars & Communication

A

Interactions

A

Importance to our efforts

B

Task

A

Motivation

A

Opportunities

A

Safety of Service

A

University Objectives & Participation

O

Supervision

A

Change and Its Process

A

Working Method

A

Individual Progress

A

Procedure of Redress of Complaints

B

Scope of  work for progress

A

Participation in Decisions

C

Utilization of the Capacity /Ability

B

About Freedom & Elasticity

Freedom & Elasticity

A

Atmosphere

A

Salary

A

University Structure

A

Quality of the work given to the Employee

A

About  the Total Work

O

Objectives No.7:

About Overall General Job Satisfaction of all  the employees  working in YCMOU

Conclusion :

1. 1. Overall  General  Job Satisfaction of all sort of employees of YCMOU   was found  ‘A’ Grade  Satisfaction  (64.80%)
   1. 2.Factor/variable wise job satisfaction in grades of all  the employees   working in YCMOU is  given  below.

Circulars & Communication

A

Interactions

A

Importance to our efforts

B

Task

A

Motivation

A

Opportunities

A

Safety of Service

A

University Objectives & Participation

O

Supervision

A

Change and Its Process

B

Working Method

A

Individual Progress

A

Procedure of Redress of Complaints

B

Scope of  work for progress

A

Participation in Decisions

C

Utilization of the Capacity /Ability

B

About Freedom & Elasticity

Freedom & Elasticity

A

Atmosphere

A

Salary

A

University Structure

A

Quality of the work given to the Employee

A

About  the Total Work

A

Objectives No.8:

To make general remarks pertaining to job satisfaction of the  employees of   YCMOU  comparing academic staff and each   category level of non-academic staff   of YCMOU.

Conclusion :

1. Overall  Job Satisfaction of YCMOU , Non academic staff  (65.78%)was more   satisfied than those of  Academic staff(62.42). And in Non academic Staff, Class  II employees  (68.78%) were more satisfied than those of other classes. (Class I   was 68.64%,Class III was 63.98% and Class IV was 67.27%)

About the Author

Dick Jurgens & his Orch - "Are You Kiddin'" - 1941